UK engineers will build one of the key instruments on Europe's next-generation polar-orbiting weather satellites.
The European Space Agency has engaged Astrium UK to make a follow-on to the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS), which feeds data into multi-day forecasts.
Depending on how many units are purchased, the contract could be worth up to £150m (170m euros).
The new instrument, to be known as the MicroWave Sounder (MWS), will have significantly improved performance.
Science Minister David Willetts will announce the contract win at the UK Space Conference in Glasgow.
MWS will measure the temperature and water content sitting at different altitudes, in clear or cloudy skies.
It is fundamental information needed by the computer models that look at what the weather is likely to be several days ahead.
Forecast skill in this area has seen marked improvement over time, with the three-day lookahead as good now as the 24-hour prediction was 30 years ago.
The current MHS instrument was designed for the Metop series of spacecraft.
The first of these satellites, Metop-A, was launched in 2006; a second platform, Metop-B, was sent up last year; and a third, Metop-C, is due to go into orbit in about 2018.
But such is the long lead-in time required to design and build meteorological satellites that Esa has already started the procurement of the replacement series, for operation in the 2020s and 2030s.
This Metop-SG (Second Generation) system will probably cost close to £2.5bn (3bn euros), with nations across Europe asked to provide various instrumentation. MWS will be Britain's major contribution.
It will do broadly the same as MHS, only better. It will have 25 sensor channels versus the current five.
MWS will also incorporate the observations of another Metop first-generation instrument called Amsu (Advanced Microwave Sounding Units A1 and A2), which makes additional temperature profiles of the atmosphere.
Two MicroWave Sounders will be produced (valued at £134m/155m euros), with an option for a third instrument likely to be picked up to ensure data continuity deep into the middle of the century.
MWS production will be led from Astrium's Portsmouth factory, but key contributions will also come from southwest England companies SEA Ltd and JCR Systems Ltd, the Rutherford Appleton Lab in Oxfordshire, and Queens University in Belfast.
The contract award to Astrium represents part of the "geo-return" due to the UK for promising to invest Metop-SG.
As a member state of Esa, Britain has committed £81m to the programme, representing a 12.5% share of the total projected R&D costs.
This should ensure UK companies get work on other aspects of the spacecraft in addition to the microwave sounders. Overall, Metop-SG will be led from Germany and France. Its eventual operation will be overseen by Eumetsat, the intergovernmental organisation charged with running Europe's weather platforms.
As well making the Metop announcement, Mr Willetts is due to give more details at the Glasgow conference of the money the government plans to invest in Sabre.
This is a revolutionary air-breathing jet-cum-rocket engine.
It is being developed by Oxfordshire's Reaction Engines Ltd. Chancellor George Osborne visited the firm last month, and told them he would make a £60m contribution to the next phase of the project.
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos
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